http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/index.php On trouvera ici une sélection des articles d'information et d'analyse publiés sur le site www.mondialisations.org du GERM, qui rendent compte de la richesse et de la diversité des figures des mondialisations contemporaines, ainsi que des débats qu'elles suscitent. FR Sat, 02 May 2026 22:31:22 Sat, 02 May 2026 22:31:22 germ.mondialisations@gmail.com (GERM) germ.mondialisations@gmail.com (GERM) 5 http://cafebabel.com/fr/article/zero-dechet-100-bobos-5b0e9f20f723b37a833af2ac/ Zero waste initiatives are blossoming in Brussels like never before: conferences, cafés, workshops, festivals... Is this trend, aimed at decreasing the volume of waste we produce, the latest hipster fad in the European capital? Or is it an authentic peak in awareness on how our consumption patterns affect the environment? Cafébabel wandered through the streets of Brussels to meet these new environmentalists. Have you ever come across a photo showing an island of garbage floating in the middle of the ocean, or a turtle with a plastic straw stuck in its nose? For about a hundred of Brussel's inhabitants, photos like these were the final straw. Last April, excessive wrapping led to a 'plastic attack' in a Delhaize supermarket in the city. This phenomenon, which originates from Great Britain, is now taking over the entire Old Continent. But what does it entail? Well, you do your groceries, you pay, then you remove all the unnecessary wrapping and put it into shopping carts so as to confront distribution companies with the absurdity of their packaging policies. Thu, 31 May 2018 00:00:00 +0000 http://cafebabel.com/fr/article/zero-dechet-100-bobos-5b0e9f20f723b37a833af2ac/ http://www.ipsnews.net/2018/07/can-cities-reach-zero-waste-goal/ How should cities address the problem of waste? The most important thing is to set a clear objective: that the day will come when nothing will be sent to final disposal or incineration, says an international expert on the subject, retired British professor of environmental chemistry and toxicology Paul Connett, author of the book �oeThe Zero Waste Solution.” Mon, 23 Jul 2018 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.ipsnews.net/2018/07/can-cities-reach-zero-waste-goal/ http://www.ipsnews.net/2018/07/new-york-8-5-million-people-among-cities-heading-sustainable-future/ New York has long been considered a pioneer �" in fashion, art, music, and food, just to name a few. Now this city of 8.5 million is leading a shift in how we tackle today’s toughest global challenges like climate change, education, inequality, and poverty. These issues are at the heart of the Sustainable Development Goals, an agenda agreed by all nations in 2015 that chart a path for people, prosperity, and the planet. Tue, 17 Jul 2018 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.ipsnews.net/2018/07/new-york-8-5-million-people-among-cities-heading-sustainable-future/ http://www.ipsnews.net/2018/07/forests-marine-resources-continue-shrink/ Deforestation and unsustainable farming are depriving the planet of forests, while destructive practices in fishing are limiting the chance to sustainably manage our oceans. According to United Nations estimates, the world’s population is projected to increase from 7.6 billion today to close to 10 billion people by 2050. The global demand for food is estimated to grow by 50 percent, placing productive land and seas under huge pressure. It ultimately means that the way we manage our forests and oceans now is crucial in addressing our future needs. Thu, 12 Jul 2018 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.ipsnews.net/2018/07/forests-marine-resources-continue-shrink/ http://en.qantara.de/content/immigration-integration-made-in-germany But how far is the path from "Arrival City" Offenbach to "Arrival Country" Germany? A look at the official statistics shows that despite all its apparent problems and deficits, integration in Germany has often progressed further than most might assume. Evidence of this positive trend was provided back in 2015 by the "Migrant Integration Policy Index" study. Here are five areas where progress has been achieved. Mon, 02 Jul 2018 00:00:00 +0000 http://en.qantara.de/content/immigration-integration-made-in-germany http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=41680&lan=EN Any good leader knows that scientific discovery and innovation fuels progress, facilitates development, and can help tackle issues like food insecurity, water shortages, and climate change. And yet most African governments are failing to fund research and development adequately in their countries. In late March, Africa’s leading scientists, innovators, and policymakers met in Kigali, Rwanda, to brainstorm solutions to an increasingly pressing problem: the low quality of science on the continent. Tue, 12 Jun 2018 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=41680&lan=EN http://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/09/nyregion/newark-surveillance-cameras-police.html Surveillance cameras are an inescapable fixture of the modern city. Law enforcement agencies have deployed vast networks to guard against terrorism and combat street crime. But in Newark, the police have taken an extraordinary step that few, if any, other departments in the country have pursued: They have opened up feeds from dozens of closed-circuit cameras to the public, asking viewers to assist the force by watching over the city and reporting anything suspicious. Sat, 09 Jun 2018 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/09/nyregion/newark-surveillance-cameras-police.html http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=41670&lan=EN As rates of urbanization increase globally, city planners are working to reverse decades of reckless growth by returning nature to the built environment. Fortunately, technology and bold thinking can help strike a long-elusive balance. Ever since the ancient Greek poet Theocritus wrote his pastoral idylls romanticizing rural life, people have been pondering how to build cities that are in concert with their natural surroundings. But with rates of urbanization growing exponentially around the world , the need for greener cities has never been more urgent. Fortunately, innovation and technology can help strike this long-elusive balance. Mon, 11 Jun 2018 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=41670&lan=EN http://www.huffingtonpost.fr/2018/06/01/lestonie-sapprete-a-rendre-les-transports-en-commun-gratuits-dans-tout-le-pays_a_23449113/ If you like getting things for free, be prepared to feel envious. Starting July 1, Estonia will allow citizens to get from one end of the northern European country to the other without ever reaching into their wallets. The move to free public transportation builds on an ambitious scheme already in place in the capital, Tallinn, where public transit on the city’s buses, trams, trolley buses and trains was made fare-free for city residents back in 2013. Now, the government is rolling out free bus travel across the country. Thu, 31 May 2018 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.huffingtonpost.fr/2018/06/01/lestonie-sapprete-a-rendre-les-transports-en-commun-gratuits-dans-tout-le-pays_a_23449113/ http://prospect.org/article/moving-people-not-cars Bike rentals are popping up in every major U.S. city, a harbinger of the desire of more and more people to break the car habit. Enthusiasts have visions of Copenhagen and Amsterdam, where about 40 percent of people commute to work and do many errands by bike. Yet few American cities have separate lanes in which bikes can safely travel. Meanwhile, bus rapid transit�"buses moving in their own lanes that drive up to platforms and are boarded like trains�"is catching on as a lower-cost alternative to expensive subways. But here’s the catch that is slowing the shift to both bikes and modern buses: There are only so many lanes on a given street, and at some point these uses compete with each other�"unless cars are given less space to hog the road. Wed, 25 Apr 2018 00:00:00 +0000 http://prospect.org/article/moving-people-not-cars http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=41552&lan=EN Air pollution levels remain dangerously high in many parts of the world. New data from WHO shows that 9 out of 10 people breathe air containing high levels of pollutants. Updated estimations reveal an alarming death toll of 7 million people every year caused by ambient (outdoor) and household air pollution. Wed, 02 May 2018 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=41552&lan=EN http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-05-02/penniless-cities-offer-land-to-host-hyperloop-tests-in-france After President Emmanuel Macron scrapped plans for a high-speed rail connection to Limoges, a city in central France, local entrepreneur Fabien Thibaut picked up his phone to call Elon Musk and talk about the Hyperloop -- Musk’s idea for superfast trains zooming in tubes. �oeThis kind of project is essential for a city like ours,” said Thibaut, one of many in France who wants to bring home a piece of Tesla founder Musk’s idea. �oeWe have nothing here -- this would bring companies, jobs, tourism.” Wed, 02 May 2018 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-05-02/penniless-cities-offer-land-to-host-hyperloop-tests-in-france http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/apr/09/the-struggle-for-melbourne-has-the-worlds-most-liveable-city-lost-its-way In Melbourne’s Federation Square, people are sitting on the steps, eating lunch among the pigeons under a sky that threatens drizzle. The cascading crazy paving and interlocking sandstone facades supposedly, in the architects’ vision at least, represent the desert heart of Australia. Across the road, a banner hangs from the walls of St Paul’s Cathedral: �oeLet’s fully welcome refugees.” Melissa, an academic, walks out of the Koorie Heritage Trust, housed in the Yarra building on the square’s south side. It is due to be demolished to make room for a �oeflagship” Apple store, under plans announced by the state government a few months ago out of the blue and without public consultation. The proposal for the jarring two-storey pagoda, dubbed �oethe Pizza Hut” by critics, was met with a fury that is hard to over-estimate. Petitions were started. Public debates were held. Mon, 09 Apr 2018 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/apr/09/the-struggle-for-melbourne-has-the-worlds-most-liveable-city-lost-its-way http://www.arcadis.com/en/global/our-perspectives/sustainable-cities-mobility-index-2017/?utm_source=PR&utm_medium=10302017&utm_campaign=SCMI2017&utm_content=global Cities and their policymakers face enormous pressures as they seek to meet today’s mobility challenges. As rapid urbanization, aging infrastructure, population growth and climate change continue to challenge our world’s cities, those that choose to make bold moves in advancing and diversifying their urban transport systems will gain a competitive advantage �"- we see that investing in improved and sustainable mobility will give cities enhanced productivity, attractiveness and overall quality of life. Where did 100 of the world’s leading cities land in their sustainable mobility? Wed, 01 Nov 2017 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.arcadis.com/en/global/our-perspectives/sustainable-cities-mobility-index-2017/?utm_source=PR&utm_medium=10302017&utm_campaign=SCMI2017&utm_content=global http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=41284&lan=EN �oeIn the era of Sustainable Development, we can prevent the 1.4 million environment related deaths by making health a political choice across all government sectors,” said Dr. Zsuzsanna Jakab, World Health Organization Regional Director for Europe (WHO/Europe), at the opening of the Sixth Ministerial Conference on Environment and Health in Ostrava, Czech Republic. European citizens annually lose 50 million years of healthy life due to environmental risks, corresponding to at least 15 per cent of Europe's total deaths �" around half of which are due to outdoor and indoor air pollution. Tue, 13 Jun 2017 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=41284&lan=EN http://www.forbes.com/sites/laurabegleybloom/2017/04/24/ranked-the-50-best-cities-for-millennials-to-live-right-now/#525a684d5692 As the largest generation in history begins to get older, one thing has become clear: When it comes to where they want to live, the suburbs won't cut it for millennials. This trailblazing generation is putting down roots and seeking out cities that offer access to thriving business ecosystems, affordable cost of living, a high quality of life, smart technology and more. Sat, 22 Apr 2017 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.forbes.com/sites/laurabegleybloom/2017/04/24/ranked-the-50-best-cities-for-millennials-to-live-right-now/#525a684d5692 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=41241&lan=EN The people chairing the meeting, young men and women from working-class neighbourhoods, explain the ongoing struggle in these 7 neighbourhoods of San Cristobal. Land occupations to build housing began in 1985. From 2006, the inhabitants won access to drinkable water, electricity and finally natural gas. Since 2015, the Bogota authorities announced that the inhabitants’ situation would be legalized. This first seemed to be a victory, and then the inhabitants learned that the legalization would only affect 50% of them. The others would have to accept to leave and be rehoused elsewhere in the city. Providing title to some residents was conditional on the others moving out. The community opposed this prospect and for the time being there is a stalemate. Tue, 02 May 2017 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=41241&lan=EN http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=41219&lan=EN There’s a lot of talk about a bicycle renaissance in various countries, and specifically often in the world’s big cities. What I’ve been studying is cycling policy and advocacy in London in the UK, so I’m going to talk a bit about what’s going on there, about what kind of things the advocates are asking for, what the policy situation is, and thinking about cycling as a social movement of people as engaged in making political demands around cycling. You need to know something first about the UK context: in the UK we have had a transition in terms of cycling. [...] There are some places where cycling levels are high, and there are some places where cycling levels have gone up. In terms of advocacy, in terms of the politics of cycling, it’s quite interesting to look at what’s happening in those places where cycling is going up because it hasn’t been on the agenda and now it is. There are potentially lessons for other cities like Paris, New York, Berlin, and so on, where cycling is also increasing. Mon, 25 Nov 2013 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=41219&lan=EN http://blog.iddri.org/fr/2017/04/20/participation-citoyens-a-transition-energetique/ The reflection on citizen participation in the energy transition focuses mainly on citizen and participatory projects on renewable energies. Behind these concepts is actually a multitude of models, based on varying degrees of involvement of local citizens and actors in the funding and governance of projects, which promise several ultimate benefits: strengthening the social acceptance of projects, increasing the economic spin-offs for the territory and, more generally, transforming the role of the citizen from that of a simple consumer to more of an actor in the transition. Thu, 20 Apr 2017 00:00:00 +0000 http://blog.iddri.org/fr/2017/04/20/participation-citoyens-a-transition-energetique/ http://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2017/april/cities-lead-the-way-on-clean-and-decentralized-energy-solutions.html With urban energy use growing rapidly, cities will be key to a sustainable energy transition. Stockholm, Frankfurt and Seoul, among others, show how this can be done. They all aim to increase their energy supply from renewables, increase the number of electric vehicles and provide renewable heating and cooling solutions for buildings. All three have set ambitious targets:, Stockholm aims to be fossil-fuel free by 2040, Frankfurt seeks to achieve 100% renewable energy supply by 2050, and Seoul aims to be 20% self-sufficient in sustainable electricity by 2020. Thu, 06 Apr 2017 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.iea.org/newsroom/news/2017/april/cities-lead-the-way-on-clean-and-decentralized-energy-solutions.html http://www.afp.com/fr/infos/336/londres-veut-sattaquer-la-pollution-mortelle-au-dioxyde-dazote Gone are the days of London's "pea souper" smogs, but like many European cities, the British capital is once again being choked by pollution -- and has road traffic firmly in its sights Sun, 09 Apr 2017 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.afp.com/fr/infos/336/londres-veut-sattaquer-la-pollution-mortelle-au-dioxyde-dazote http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/mar/20/china-100-cities-populations-bigger-liverpool#img-1 Government policy and a shift westward have fed the staggering scale of China’s urban ambitions �" 119 cities as big as Liverpool, and likely double that by 2025 China now has more than 100 cities of over 1 million residents, a number that is likely to double in the next decade. Mon, 20 Mar 2017 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/mar/20/china-100-cities-populations-bigger-liverpool#img-1 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=41055&lan=EN Sun, 22 Jan 2017 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=41055&lan=EN http://www.metropolitiques.eu/Villes-en-decroissance.html#top Brexit in the United Kingdom, the election of Donald Trump in the United States, the rise of extreme-right populist parties in France or more recently in Germany: these recent events have the common feature of being widely portrayed as the political consequences of the decline of old industrialized regions in Western countries. The question of the emergence of a �oetwo-tier society”�"characterized on the one hand by a tendency to concentrate the hopes of national economic prosperity in large metropolitan centers and, on the other, by growing territorial marginalization, �oeperipheralization”, or even irremediable decline�"is now entering the public debate. Mon, 27 Mar 2017 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.metropolitiques.eu/Villes-en-decroissance.html#top http://making-of.afp.com/pauvres-mais-chaleureux �oeWhy are you taking pictures here?” the curious boy asked me as I snapped photos in a small village just outside of Beijing. �oeYou should go to the Forbidden City or the Summer Palace. There, it’s beautiful. Here,” he motioned around him to the ramshackle structures of brick, corrugated iron and wood surrounding us, �oehere, it’s ugly. There is nothing to photograph here.” �oeI think this place is beautiful because of the people who live here,” I said. �oeI find it as beautiful as the Forbidden City, where noone lives anymore. Here, this place is full of life and energy and people. To me, this is beautiful.” He looked at me, perplexed, then shook his head from side to side. He didn’t understand. Tue, 14 Mar 2017 00:00:00 +0000 http://making-of.afp.com/pauvres-mais-chaleureux http://content.knightfrank.com/research/83/documents/en/the-wealth-report-2017-4482.pdf Wed, 01 Mar 2017 00:00:00 +0000 http://content.knightfrank.com/research/83/documents/en/the-wealth-report-2017-4482.pdf http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/02/09/us-metro-areas-unauthorized-immigrants/ Most of the United States’ 11.1 million unauthorized immigrants live in just 20 major metropolitan areas, with the largest populations in New York, Los Angeles and Houston, according to new Pew Research Center estimates based on government data. The analysis shows that the nation’s unauthorized immigrant population is highly concentrated, more so than the U.S. population overall. In 2014, the 20 metro areas with most unauthorized immigrants were home to 6.8 million of them, or 61% of the estimated nationwide total. By contrast, only 36% of the total U.S. population lived in those metro areas. Wed, 22 Feb 2017 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/02/09/us-metro-areas-unauthorized-immigrants/ http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/01/25/big-us-city-mayors-vow-defy-trump-sanctuary-cities-order/97066272/ Several big city mayors across the U.S. vowed on Wednesday to defy President Trump’s executive order that threatens to cut off federal funding to cities that offer some sort of protection to undocumented immigrants in their communities. The pushback from the mayors came as Trump signed a long-anticipated executive order that directs the government to identify federal money it can withhold to punish so-called "sanctuary cities," a term for hundreds of communities that in some way limit cooperation with federal immigration enforcement agents. Trump had pledged to take action against sanctuary cities on the campaign trail. Thu, 26 Jan 2017 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/01/25/big-us-city-mayors-vow-defy-trump-sanctuary-cities-order/97066272/ http://www.metropolitiques.eu/Quels-modeles-pour-l-urbanisme.html#top Thinking about urban planning in terms of models, once decried, seems to be making a comeback among planners, especially as the importance of sustainable development becomes ever clearer? Whether they are �oemodelling” energy consumption, collecting �oebest practices” in urban planning or creating �oelabels” for sustainable neighbourhoods, experts in the field are calling, more or less directly, for regulatory �" or even standardised �" measures and instruments that can be used (and, ideally, reproduced) to build today’s cities. At this point, we should like to call into question the characteristics of the doctrines of sustainable urban planning. Wed, 25 Jun 2014 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.metropolitiques.eu/Quels-modeles-pour-l-urbanisme.html#top http://www.nytimes.com/es/2017/01/03/fascinacion-y-escepticismo-para-un-teleferico-en-las-afueras-de-ciudad-de-mexico/?em_pos=large&emc=edit_bn_20170103&nl=boletin&nlid=77942988&ref=headline&te=1 Tue, 03 Jan 2017 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.nytimes.com/es/2017/01/03/fascinacion-y-escepticismo-para-un-teleferico-en-las-afueras-de-ciudad-de-mexico/?em_pos=large&emc=edit_bn_20170103&nl=boletin&nlid=77942988&ref=headline&te=1 http://www.courrierinternational.com/article/portugal-lisbonne-prochaine-capitale-des-nouvelles-technologies Sat, 29 Oct 2016 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.courrierinternational.com/article/portugal-lisbonne-prochaine-capitale-des-nouvelles-technologies http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=40693&lan=EN For the first time in history, more than 50 percent of the world’s population now lives in towns and cities. By 2050, this number is expected to increase to 66 percent. The shift from rural to urban areas, mainly in Africa and Asia, is due to poverty and related socio-economic factors. For the most part, the rapid expansion of cities takes place without any land use planning strategy and the resulting human pressure has highly damaging effects on forests, landscapes, as well as green areas in and around cities. The environmental impacts of urbanization are often intensified by climate change and include increased pollution, decreased availability of food and resources, as well as increased poverty and frequency of extreme climatic events. Urban trees can help to mitigate some of the negative impacts and social consequences of urbanization, and thus make cities more resilient to these changes. Here are nine ways in which urban trees and forests contribute to making cities socio-economically and environmentally more sustainable: Wed, 30 Nov 2016 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=40693&lan=EN http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=40640&lan=EN Beijing is successfully pushing consumers to adopt EVs but charging infrastructure remains a problem, writes Zhang Chun. [...] Beijing’s 2016 quota for EVs was 40% of its total new car license plate quota. This is likely to increase, with further cuts due in the quota for traditional-fuel vehicles, and EV buyers anxious to purchase before expected reductions in subsidies happen for domestically produced EVs. Thu, 24 Nov 2016 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=40640&lan=EN http://www.swissinfo.ch/democratiedirecte/bilan-du-6e-forum-mondial-de-la-d%C3%A9mocratie-_la-d%C3%A9mocratie-directe-est-la-solution--pas-le-probl%C3%A8me/42612142 Meeting in San Sebastián last week, experts from more than 30 countries discussed ways to fend off attacks against participatory democracy. [...] Set against a series of ballot box upsets �" notably in the United States, Britain and Colombia �" activists, state representatives and academics exchanged ideas about granting citizens a direct say in political decisions. Wed, 23 Nov 2016 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.swissinfo.ch/democratiedirecte/bilan-du-6e-forum-mondial-de-la-d%C3%A9mocratie-_la-d%C3%A9mocratie-directe-est-la-solution--pas-le-probl%C3%A8me/42612142 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=40617&lan=EN One of the major questions faced by the inheritors of the networked global uprisings of 2010--2011 is how to harness the demands and practices that emerged from these movements, and those that followed in their wake, to create new ways of doing electoral politics. A municipalist movement in Rosario, Argentina, may just have some of the answers Institutional politics is facing a crisis of legitimacy. [...] In this context, activists, social movements and new political organizations across the world are confronted with a common dilemma: how to engage electorally and politically within state institutions without being co-opted or corrupted by them. Tue, 15 Nov 2016 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=40617&lan=EN http://correspondent.afp.com/delhi-chokes For weeks now, a gray fog has enveloped the capital of India. The smog is so intense on some mornings that you can almost touch it. Buildings disappear. Invisible cars speed through invisible streets. The smog seeps into homes through doors and windows. There is palpably less oxygen. You need to take deep breaths. Outside, the smell of something burning hits the nostrils. You get headaches. The eyes itch. Fri, 18 Nov 2016 00:00:00 +0000 http://correspondent.afp.com/delhi-chokes http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=40557&lan=EN In the search for sustainability in Latin American megacities, a systemic approach should include public transport, participatory budgeting and ‘place making’. Thu, 10 Nov 2016 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=40557&lan=EN http://www.swissinfo.ch/democratiedirecte/forum-mondial-de-la-d%C3%A9mocratie-2016_les-villes-osent-le-renouveau-d%C3%A9mocratique/42585838 At the Global Forum on Modern Direct Democracy 2016, which starts in Basque Donostia / San Sebastián on November 16, some 200 experts are gathering to help push forward the development towards more local democracy. Reykjavik, Vienna, Seoul, Los Angeles and Bern: these are pioneering cities in terms of direct democracy. For several years now, increasing numbers of local and regional governments have committed themselves to citizen participation. Mon, 14 Nov 2016 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.swissinfo.ch/democratiedirecte/forum-mondial-de-la-d%C3%A9mocratie-2016_les-villes-osent-le-renouveau-d%C3%A9mocratique/42585838 http://www.dissentmagazine.org/blog/redlining-black-lives-holc-mapping-inequality By laundering housing policy through the systematic and candid racism of local real-estate and finance interest, the HOLC also opened a gap between black and white ownership that has never closed. In the new world of home finance, white families bought homes at higher rates, they bought them earlier in life, they bought them on better terms, and they bought them in neighborhoods where housing value appreciated reliably. This yielded, of course, a widening of the racial wealth gap even as other disparities (wages, income) closed slowly in the civil rights era and after. Today, median African-American family wealth is less than one-tenth that of white families�"a gap largely attributable to disparate access to housing subsides such as the HOLC, and their impact across generations. Tue, 25 Oct 2016 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.dissentmagazine.org/blog/redlining-black-lives-holc-mapping-inequality http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=40461&lan=EN Habitat III, the third United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development, officially began on Monday, October 17th in Quito. On the second day of the conference, governmental leaders from around the world gathered for two plenary sessions. Speakers addressed country-specific urban challenges and strove to unite the participants toward implementing a strong, robust and effective New Urban Agenda (NUA). Tue, 18 Oct 2016 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=40461&lan=EN http://www.ipsnews.net/2016/10/governments-and-social-movements-disagree-on-future-of-cities/ The Third United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development and the alternative forums held by social organisations ended in the Ecuadorean capital with opposing visions regarding the future of cities and the fulfillment of rights in urban areas. [...]The Habitat III accords �oecannot generate the urban reforms that we need, such as integral access to land with services. That can only be achieved through struggle. It is local political participation that makes it possible to press for urban reform,” Isabella Goncalves, an activist with the Brazilian NGO Brigadas Populares, told IPS. Fri, 21 Oct 2016 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.ipsnews.net/2016/10/governments-and-social-movements-disagree-on-future-of-cities/ http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=40446&lan=EN Governments should rethink urban housing, transport, schooling and jobs strategies to ensure that cities do not become inequality traps, according to a new OECD report which shows that a majority of cities have higher inequality than their respective national average. Thu, 13 Oct 2016 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=40446&lan=EN http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=40429&lan=EN Thu, 21 Jul 2016 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=40429&lan=EN http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=40424&lan=EN Wed, 31 Aug 2005 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=40424&lan=EN http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=40406&lan=EN On June 17, Mexico City’s Environmental Ministry (SEDEMA), headed by Secretary of the Environment Tanya Müller García, announced the final publication of updated construction regulations for the city. The regulations include energy efficiency measures for new and retrofitted buildings and are part of a series of actions the local government is taking to build a more sustainable city by improving buildings and reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the energy sector. Sun, 19 Jun 2016 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=40406&lan=EN http://observatoriodasmetropoles.net/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=1771:direito-%C3%A0-cidade-na-confer%C3%AAncia-habitat-iii&Itemid=164 The Quito conference will offer a major opportunity to reformulate life in human settlements, and the Right to the City can help ensure that all can live with dignity in sustainable, democratic and just territories. Thu, 13 Oct 2016 00:00:00 +0000 http://observatoriodasmetropoles.net/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=1771:direito-%C3%A0-cidade-na-confer%C3%AAncia-habitat-iii&Itemid=164 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=40404&lan=EN The impact of climate change will affect primarily cities. Today 85% of Brazilian population live in urban areas. The population is at risk of floods, drought periods, landslides, and other situations that put inhabitants and property at risk. In 2013, Porto Alegre and Rio de Janeiro had the opportunity to increasing capacity for adaptation and resilience, being the only two Brazilian cities chosen to take part in the 100 Resilient Cities Challenge, promoted by the Rockefeller Foundation. According to the Global Adaptation Institute (GAIN), Brazil is not totally prepared to face climate change and its impacts. The survey points out that Brazil’s main weakness relates to its infrastructure and to the fact that it is a country with a huge extension and a large number of poor people. The country currently ranks 99th in terms of most vulnerable urban settlements, in a list of 180 nations. Tue, 02 Feb 2016 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=40404&lan=EN http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/12/hong-kong-pro-democracy-oath-snub-china A new generation of pro-democracy politicians thumbed its nose at China’s authoritarian leaders, with a succession of lawmakers openly defying Beijing during an action-packed swearing-in ceremony for Hong Kong’s parliament. Wed, 12 Oct 2016 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/12/hong-kong-pro-democracy-oath-snub-china http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/oct/05/building-way-to-hell-readers-tales-gentrification-around-world From community displacement in Mexico City to tourism-triggered evictions in Lisbon and crazy rent hikes in Silicon Valley, our readers shared stories of gentrification happening in their cities �" and the initiatives trying to tackle it Wed, 05 Oct 2016 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/oct/05/building-way-to-hell-readers-tales-gentrification-around-world http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=40361&lan=EN When George Balfour, the first appointed British consul of Shanghai, envisaged the future of his British-only settlement at the end of 1843, he stood on a piece of marshland by the Huangpu River. Balfour could not have imagined in his wildest dreams the prosperous modern metropolis to come. The settlement was to be built, first and foremost, to house an influx of refugees from the Chinese hinterland. Thu, 14 Jul 2016 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=40361&lan=EN http://www.metropolismag.com/Point-of-View/September-2016/Affordable-Housing-in-New-York/ Affordable housing in New York is constantly invoked as an aspiration, rarely as a reality. This is despite the 178,000 units in government-owned or -operated buildings, and despite the hundreds of thousands in private, below-market-rate apartments. A recent book, Affordable Housing in New York: The People, Places, and Policies That Transformed a City, shines a spotlight on New York’s considerable existing, affordable construction, whose imprint is so large as to be unmistakably visible from an airplane or satellite. [...] While it certainly offers no instant cure for the present housing crisis, [this book] is an excellent primer on the many efforts that have been made toward tackling affordability, with lessons both cautionary and encouraging. Wed, 14 Sep 2016 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.metropolismag.com/Point-of-View/September-2016/Affordable-Housing-in-New-York/ http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=40339&lan=EN Wed, 28 Sep 2016 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=40339&lan=EN http://citiesinmotion.iese.edu/indicecim/?lang=en Tue, 24 May 2016 00:00:00 +0000 http://citiesinmotion.iese.edu/indicecim/?lang=en http://www.metropolismag.com/Point-of-View/September-2016/How-Inclusive-Cities-Manage-Migration/ "According to my experience, local authorities are key actors for migration management. All over Spain, migrants have access to city registers, irrespective of their status. That’s been of the utmost importance in recent Spanish migration history, when millions have arrived in a short period of time. Migrants immediately become city dwellers, and the city is their first space for interaction both with administration and neighbours. The quality of public spaces and public services are key points for newcomers’ integration, as it is for the rest of the city’s inhabitants. Inclusive cities keep public spaces open for all and promote citizen and neighbour interaction. I would see urban development as a powerful tool for that to be done. " Mon, 12 Sep 2016 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.metropolismag.com/Point-of-View/September-2016/How-Inclusive-Cities-Manage-Migration/ http://making-of.afp.com/une-semaine-dans-la-vie-de-shanghai "When Shanghai city authorities invited a dozen foreign photojournalists to spend a week shooting life in the busy port and financial hub, I jumped at the chance. Although it’s the world’s most populous city, with 24 million souls, Shanghai has retained the winding streets and trees that give it a more �oehuman” feeling than the capital Beijing where I’m based, and it’s been a long time that I’ve wanted to take a closer look." Thu, 15 Sep 2016 00:00:00 +0000 http://making-of.afp.com/une-semaine-dans-la-vie-de-shanghai http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/13/opinion/what-happened-to-the-great-urban-design-projects.html?module=Slide®ion=SlideShowTopBar&version=SlideCard-8&action=Click&contentCollection=Opinion&slideshowTitle=Creations%20That%20Capture%20Our%20Imaginations¤tS Fri, 12 Feb 2016 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/13/opinion/what-happened-to-the-great-urban-design-projects.html?module=Slide®ion=SlideShowTopBar&version=SlideCard-8&action=Click&contentCollection=Opinion&slideshowTitle=Creations%20That%20Capture%20Our%20Imaginations¤tS http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/12/us/atlanta-beltline.html?_r=0&module=Endslate®ion=SlideShowTopBar&version=EndSlate&action=Click&contentCollection=U.S.&slideshowTitle=Atlanta%E2%80%99s%20BeltLine%3A%20An%20Ambitious%20Plan%20to%20Bring%20a%20City%20Together& Sun, 11 Sep 2016 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/12/us/atlanta-beltline.html?_r=0&module=Endslate®ion=SlideShowTopBar&version=EndSlate&action=Click&contentCollection=U.S.&slideshowTitle=Atlanta%E2%80%99s%20BeltLine%3A%20An%20Ambitious%20Plan%20to%20Bring%20a%20City%20Together& http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/aug/18/melbourne-wins-worlds-most-liveable-city-award-sixth-year-in-a-row Thu, 18 Aug 2016 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/aug/18/melbourne-wins-worlds-most-liveable-city-award-sixth-year-in-a-row http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=40193&lan=EN Even as corrosive political discourse impedes effective action at the national and international levels, at the municipal level, progressive and effective immigrant-integration initiatives are flourishing. Fri, 26 Aug 2016 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=40193&lan=EN http://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/islas-de-calor-en-la-ciudad_cuando-un-%C3%A1rbol-vale-m%C3%A1s-que-el-aire-acondicionado/42380070 Rising temperatures in summer affect daily life and the health of people who live in cities. So what can be done? swissinfo.ch heads to Sion, the Swiss city that has heated up the most, to see what a difference its anti-heat plan has made. Mon, 22 Aug 2016 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/islas-de-calor-en-la-ciudad_cuando-un-%C3%A1rbol-vale-m%C3%A1s-que-el-aire-acondicionado/42380070 http://observatoriodasmetropoles.net/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=1676%3Adossier-what-is-at-stake-in-these-games%3F&lang=en# "Olympic Games always have winners and losers. In the Games, there are always three winners in each event. In Rio de Janeiro, we know exactly who they are: the major construction companies �" part of them involved in Operation Lava Jato; real estate speculation �" which made a lot of money in recent years; and the political class and local elite �" who succeeded in building a network of power that will last for the next 50 years. In the Games, those who come in fourth or fifth are not remembered. It does not matter. That’s the Olympic spirit: winners and losers. And the population of Rio de Janeiro is part of those who are being forgotten." Thu, 04 Aug 2016 00:00:00 +0000 http://observatoriodasmetropoles.net/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=1676%3Adossier-what-is-at-stake-in-these-games%3F&lang=en# http://www.ipsnoticias.net/2016/06/norte-y-sur-enfrentados-por-el-derecho-a-la-ciudad/ The declaration that will be presented for approval at the Third United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development (Habitat III) in October has again sparked conflict between the opposing positions taken by the industrial North and the developing South. The aim of the conference, to be held in Quito, Ecuador from October 17-20, is to reinvigorate the global commitment to sustainable urban development with a �oeNew Urban Agenda,” the outcome strategy of Habitat III. Developing countries want the declaration to include the right to the city, financing for the New Urban Agenda that will be agreed at the meeting, and restructuring of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) to implement the agreed commitments. Thu, 30 Jun 2016 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.ipsnoticias.net/2016/06/norte-y-sur-enfrentados-por-el-derecho-a-la-ciudad/ http://www.konbini.com/fr/tendances-2/etudier-erasmus-villes-moins-cheres-europe/ The Erasmus Programme allows students to study in a foreign land, broaden their horizons, build life skills, learn a new language, get a change of scene and discover a different culture. But physical and spiritual independence comes with a price tag. Student accommodation site Uniplaces has offered its own rating of some of the continent’s least expensive towns, combining average prices of rent, public transport, internet access and two meals per day. The final result gives you an idea of living costs in a total of 39 European towns, reports Le Monde. Mon, 07 Mar 2016 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.konbini.com/fr/tendances-2/etudier-erasmus-villes-moins-cheres-europe/ http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=39077&lan=EN Seoul and many other large Asian cities have seen huge growth levels in their foreign-born residents in recent years. Even though the number of foreigners living in the South Korean capital has doubled in the last decade, it still doesn't rank among the very top cities worldwide for residents born abroad. 2015's World Migration Report compiled by the International Organisation for Migration (IOM) found that 83 percent of people living in Dubai were born in other countries. Brussels hosts a number of key EU institutions as well as the NATO headquarters. Approximately six out of every 10 residents in the Belgian capital comes from another country. Fri, 22 Jan 2016 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=39077&lan=EN http://www.euractiv.fr/sections/climat-environnement/700-villes-sengagent-vers-le-tout-renouvelable-en-2050-320151 While national negotiators struggle to agree on climate action at the COP21, the mayors of 700 cities have committed to generating 100% of their energy from renewable sources by 2050. EurActiv France reports. Concretely, the mayors committed to a combined reduction in CO2 emissions of 3.7 gigatons per year in urban areas by 2030. If they succeed, this will close 30% of the gap between the national commitments and the +2°C objective. Mon, 07 Dec 2015 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.euractiv.fr/sections/climat-environnement/700-villes-sengagent-vers-le-tout-renouvelable-en-2050-320151 http://www.euractiv.fr/sections/climat-environnement/villes-regions-et-changement-climatique-319256#group_extlinks World leaders will meet in Paris from 30 November in a bid to secure an agreement to limit global warming to no more than two degrees above pre-industrial levels. EU heads of state and government agreed on their climate and energy targets last November, a cut of at least 40% of greenhouse gas emissions, and an increase in the share of renewables and energy efficiency to 27% by 2030. While that deal, the cornerstone of the bloc’s negotiating position in Paris, is a step in the right direction, the European Union has long battled with the problem of poor implementation of its environmental laws. But regions are increasingly picking up the slack. Through organisations such as the Committee of the Regions and initiatives like the Covenant of Mayors, regional authorities are directly communicating with EU policymakers about how best to fight climate change. Fri, 06 Nov 2015 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.euractiv.fr/sections/climat-environnement/villes-regions-et-changement-climatique-319256#group_extlinks http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=38724&lan=EN STORY HIGHLIGHTS • With more than 5 million people moving to cities every month, there is rising disparity and inequality in urban areas. • While urbanization brings economic and societal benefits when handled well, on a negative path it can trap people into poverty. • This World Cities Day, the World Bank looks at solutions to develop cities where everyone has access to the services and opportunities necessary to build a more prosperous future. What does it mean to make a city inclusive? Thu, 29 Oct 2015 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=38724&lan=EN http://www.euractiv.com/sections/global-europe/migrants-need-cities-cities-need-migrants-318852 It’s an inescapable truism that’s begun to sink in with leaders worldwide and which, very soon, will become obvious even to those most opposed to our current wave of human mobility. Could a million African, Asians and Middle Easterners really be bound for Europe this year? Certainly�"and arguably numbers almost as large are plying migratory routes linking regions of Latin America, East Asia and Africa. The media images of such mobility can be scary, while the challenges destination countries face integrating these new arrivals are great. Yet mobility, movement, migration - by whatever name we choose to call it - is unstoppable. It’s coming to a city near you - and that’s a good thing. Mon, 26 Oct 2015 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.euractiv.com/sections/global-europe/migrants-need-cities-cities-need-migrants-318852 http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-13-1313_fr.htm R�"ga (Latvia) and Umeå (Sweden) are the European Capitals of Culture in 2014. The cultural programme will officially begin on 17 January in the Latvian capital and on 31 January in Umeå. Mon, 30 Dec 2013 00:00:00 +0000 http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-13-1313_fr.htm http://forumblog.org/2013/11/could-megacities-emerge-as-a-governance-model-for-the-future/ Mon, 25 Nov 2013 00:00:00 +0000 http://forumblog.org/2013/11/could-megacities-emerge-as-a-governance-model-for-the-future/ http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=34232&lan=EN Wed, 17 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=34232&lan=EN http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=reducing-parking-cut-auto-emission Mon, 24 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=reducing-parking-cut-auto-emission http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=34036&lan=EN Fri, 03 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=34036&lan=EN http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=33978&lan=EN Mon, 22 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=33978&lan=EN http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=33910&lan=EN Wed, 17 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=33910&lan=EN http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=33756&lan=EN Tue, 28 Sep 2010 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=33756&lan=EN http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=33477&lan=EN Tue, 29 Jun 2010 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=33477&lan=EN http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=33258&lan=EN Tue, 04 May 2010 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=33258&lan=EN http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=33257&lan=EN Tue, 04 May 2010 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=33257&lan=EN http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/88/4/10-010410/fr/index.html Wed, 07 Apr 2010 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/88/4/10-010410/fr/index.html http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=33129&lan=EN Tue, 30 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=33129&lan=EN http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=32991&lan=EN Mon, 22 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=32991&lan=EN http://www.cafebabel.fr/article/32455/metropoles-europeennes-plan-amenagement-urbanisme.html Thu, 04 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.cafebabel.fr/article/32455/metropoles-europeennes-plan-amenagement-urbanisme.html http://en.rian.ru/russia/20090903/156005629.html Thu, 03 Sep 2009 00:00:00 +0000 http://en.rian.ru/russia/20090903/156005629.html http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,646219,00.html Tue, 01 Sep 2009 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,646219,00.html http://www.afrik.com/article17332.html Sat, 15 Aug 2009 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.afrik.com/article17332.html http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/0,1518,613503,00.html Mon, 16 Mar 2009 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/0,1518,613503,00.html http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=31133&lan=EN Fri, 06 Feb 2009 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=31133&lan=EN http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=30727&lan=EN Thu, 13 Nov 2008 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=30727&lan=EN http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=30598&lan=EN Thu, 23 Oct 2008 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=30598&lan=EN http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=30349&lan=EN Tue, 16 Sep 2008 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=30349&lan=EN http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=29756&lan=EN Fri, 27 Jun 2008 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=29756&lan=EN http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/09/eco.cities/index.html Mon, 10 Mar 2008 00:00:00 +0000 http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/09/eco.cities/index.html http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3034184,00.html Wed, 02 Jan 2008 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,3034184,00.html http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,503211,00.html Fri, 31 Aug 2007 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,503211,00.html http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2007/09/bloom.htm Tue, 04 Sep 2007 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2007/09/bloom.htm http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,502297,00.html Mon, 03 Sep 2007 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,502297,00.html http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6756289.stm Thu, 05 Jul 2007 00:00:00 +0000 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6756289.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/international/newsid_6247000/6247096.stm Wed, 27 Jun 2007 00:00:00 +0000 http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/international/newsid_6247000/6247096.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5095214.stm Tue, 20 Jun 2006 00:00:00 +0000 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5095214.stm http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4229919.stm Thu, 03 Feb 2005 00:00:00 +0000 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4229919.stm http://portal.unesco.org/shs/fr/ev.php-URL_ID=6530&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html Fri, 24 Sep 2004 00:00:00 +0000 http://portal.unesco.org/shs/fr/ev.php-URL_ID=6530&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html