http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/index.php On trouvera ici une sélection des articles d'information et d'analyse publiés sur le site www.mondialisations.org du GERM, qui rendent compte de la richesse et de la diversité des figures des mondialisations contemporaines, ainsi que des débats qu'elles suscitent. FR Sat, 02 May 2026 22:32:43 Sat, 02 May 2026 22:32:43 germ.mondialisations@gmail.com (GERM) germ.mondialisations@gmail.com (GERM) 5 http://www.robert-schuman.eu/fr/questions-d-europe/0506-pour-une-geopolitique-de-l-euro The euro is a world currency. It is the official currency of 19 European States, and according to the June 2018 report by the European Central Bank (ECB) on the international role of the euro, it is by far, ahead of the pound, the yen and the renminbi, the world's second most important currency. The euro turned twenty on January 1st. Decided upon with the implementation of the Maastricht Treaty in 1993, its adoption aimed to consolidate the European market and support trade between its members. Mon, 11 Mar 2019 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.robert-schuman.eu/fr/questions-d-europe/0506-pour-une-geopolitique-de-l-euro http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=41894&lan=EN Few on the left or the right nowadays would actively advocate inequality for all. Rather, the divide is between conservatives who promote equality of opportunity and progressives who promote equality of outcomes. This is an important distinction. But whatever your definition of equality, the bigger question is how best to achieve it. Thu, 09 Aug 2018 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=41894&lan=EN http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=41867&lan=EN Marco Polo, the famous thirteenth-century Venetian merchant, was one of the first Europeans to trade with China. Now imagine that, after a while, the Venetian state became concerned that Polo was purchasing too many silks and spices from China to sell at a profit in Europe. The �oetrade deficit” he was creating, the authorities worry, would deplete the stock of gold in Venice, while creating jobs for Chinese, rather than for Venetians. Wed, 01 Aug 2018 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=41867&lan=EN http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=41836&lan=EN The EU is open to palm oil and there is no ban on the commodity, the head of the European Union Delegation to Malaysia, ambassador Maria Castillo Fernandez, said on 16 July in an apparent attempt to appease Asian producers. �oeThe European market is open to palm oil. I want to say that very clearly. And the EU is the second largest market for palm oil from Malaysia,” Malaysian media quoted Fernandez as saying on 16 July. Fri, 20 Jul 2018 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=41836&lan=EN http://www.theglobalist.com/italy-elections-eurozone-ecb-economy/ France and Germany will be very flexible in their response to Italian demands, irrespective of the official rhetoric from Berlin and Paris. Politicians and financial markets remained surprisingly relaxed after the recent Italian election. Their expectation was that the newly elected parties would act like all Italian parties before and forget about the promises they had made before the election. Tue, 22 May 2018 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.theglobalist.com/italy-elections-eurozone-ecb-economy/ http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=41519&lan=EN The trade skirmish between the United States and China on steel, aluminum, and other goods is a product of US President Donald Trump’s scorn for multilateral trade arrangements and the World Trade Organization, an institution that was created to adjudicate trade disputes. Before announcing import tariffs on more than 1,300 types of Chinese-made goods worth around $60 billion per year, in early March Trump unveiled sweeping tariffs of 25% on steel and 10% on aluminum, which he justified on the basis of national security. Trump insists that a tariff on a small fraction of imported steel �" the price of which is set globally �" will suffice to address a genuine strategic threat. Thu, 05 Apr 2018 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=41519&lan=EN http://en.qantara.de/content/eu-and-the-maghreb-fair-trade-for-a-level-playing-field To mitigate the root causes of flight and migration, Germanyʹs federal government is contemplating fair-trade agreements with refugee countries of origin. The North African experience shows this will require a re-think of EU policy. Most migrants and refugees who arrive at Europeʹs borders are fleeing countries whose most important trading partner is the European Union (EU). The exchange of goods with Europe has an impact on crisis countriesʹ economic and social conditions and affects the circumstances that drive people to abandon their homelands. Wed, 18 Apr 2018 00:00:00 +0000 http://en.qantara.de/content/eu-and-the-maghreb-fair-trade-for-a-level-playing-field http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=40942&lan=EN As Henry Kissinger, Secretary of State under presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford, once said, �oeGlobalisation is another term for U.S. domination.” This phase ran from 1982 until the financial crisis of 2008, when the collapse of American banks, followed by contagion in Europe, forced the system to question the Washington Consensus as an undisputable theory. Doubts were also being voiced loudly through the growing mobilisation of civil society /the World Social Forum, for example, had been created in 1981) and by the offensive of many economists who had previously remained in silence. The latter began insisting that macroeconomics �" the preferred instrument of globalisation �" looked only at the big figures. If microeconomics was used instead, they argued, it would become clear that there was very unequal distribution of growth (not to be confused with development) and that delocalisation and other measures which ignored the social impact of globalisation, were having disastrous consequences. Tue, 21 Feb 2017 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=40942&lan=EN http://blog.iddri.org/fr/2017/01/30/mondialisation-projet-leurope/ Today, globalisation is a disputed political project. Growing inequalities, the situation of �oelosers” and the �oedownwardly mobile”, and the lack of transparency in negotiations all cast doubt on the capacity of international trade to contribute to progress. Governments need to answer a question that is both simple and complex: what is the point of globalisation? Mon, 30 Jan 2017 00:00:00 +0000 http://blog.iddri.org/fr/2017/01/30/mondialisation-projet-leurope/ http://roarmag.org/magazine/the-concept-of-the-wall/ As a constitutive aspect of political life, walls and politics are practically indistinct. Not only did the concept of politics as such emerge from the organization of social life in cities (the Greek polis), but from the development of the earliest city-states until well into modernity, these cities were nearly invariably surrounded by walls. Indeed, the very word city stems from citadel �" a structure that is nothing without its walls. Delimiting and regulating space and movement, walls are key to controlling and administering territory, comprising an elementary tool in the general administration of security. In contrast to neoliberalism’s ideology of freedom and openness, walls �" as well as their virtual analogs �" not only obstruct movement and intensify state control, but in enclosing rich and poor alike they also abet privatization and precarity the world over. Sat, 21 Jan 2017 00:00:00 +0000 http://roarmag.org/magazine/the-concept-of-the-wall/ http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=40796&lan=EN The choice made by Mexican governments to sign and continue the Free Trade Agreement with the US and Canada, has not only been harmful for Mexico, but has distanced it from Latin America. It was an ideological option, founded on the false belief that being associated with economic powers would drive the Mexican economy to the levels of the more developed economies, pulling it out of poverty, inequality, misery and social exclusion. The balance of the 20 years of this Treaty is evident. Mexico has been the great loser. Entering the ring as a lightweight in the face of a heavyweight such as the US, Mexico had everything to lose and in fact that is what happened. Even when their economy grew, Mexico has been one of the few countries of the continent that has not bettered the social situation of its people in this century. Moreover, the choice of making her economy dependent on a single great market has been suicidal. Tue, 13 Dec 2016 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=40796&lan=EN http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-06/17/c_134334033.htm The Australian and Chinese governments signed a long-awaited free trade agreement in a ceremony in Canberra on Wednesday, freeing up trade between the two countries. The historic agreement, signed by Australia's Trade Minister Andrew Robb and China's Commerce Minister Gao Hucheng, finalized negotiations that began ten years ago and followed the Declaration of Intent signed in November by the two countries' leaders, Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott and Chinese President Xi Jinping. Wed, 17 Jun 2015 00:00:00 +0000 http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-06/17/c_134334033.htm http://euobserver.com/news/127331 EU-US trade talks are �oein troubled waters” and need a �oefresh start for parliament to approve an agreement”, the chairman of the assembly’s international trade committee has said. Speaking on Wednesday (21 January), Bernd Lange, a German centre-left MEP who authored the parliament’s initial recommendations based on the past 18 months of talks, urged the European Commission, which is negotiating on behalf of the EU, to be more open about the progress of negotiations. Mon, 19 Jan 2015 00:00:00 +0000 http://euobserver.com/news/127331 http://www.astanatimes.com/2015/01/eurasian-economic-union-comes-force-jan-1-promising-benefits-integration/ The treaty creating the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) took effect Jan. 1, 2015, with economic borders between Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia becoming significantly thinner. Kyrgyzstan is scheduled to join by May. After two decades of long negotiations and weighing the pros and cons of the EEU, the leaders of Kazakhstan, Russia and Belarus met in Astana on May 29, 2014 to sign a treaty establishing the EEU. The document reflects all of the basic aspects related to international organisations and follows all principles of the sovereign equality of states. It also respects certain specific features of the member states’ existing politics. Fri, 02 Jan 2015 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.astanatimes.com/2015/01/eurasian-economic-union-comes-force-jan-1-promising-benefits-integration/ http://euobserver.com/opinion/126790 As I listened, earlier this year, to the final speech by Stefan Fuele, the former commissioner for neighbourhood policy, in which he mentioned the necessity of building a free-trade zone from Vancouver to Vladivostok, I thought to myself: �oeThese must be merely personal considerations by an outgoing commissioner”. However, at this week’s meetings in Brussels of members of the European Parliament and national parliaments with Federica Mogherini, the high representative for foreign policy, and with Johannes Hahn, Fuele’s successor, I saw that this idea really does haunt the corridors of Brussels. Fri, 05 Dec 2014 00:00:00 +0000 http://euobserver.com/opinion/126790 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=37557&lan=EN The EU and Vietnam completed the ninth round of negotiations for a Free Trade Agreement (FTA). The talks were held in Danang, Vietnam, from 22-26 September. Both teams made good progress on finding common ground on all outstanding issues and are looking for a swift conclusion to the negotiations. Mon, 29 Sep 2014 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=37557&lan=EN http://www.e-ir.info/2014/09/01/putin-in-latin-america-a-new-era-of-cooperation/ Russian President Vladimir Putin undertook a six-day visit to four countries in Latin America from 11 to 16 July. His tour came at a time when both Russia and the countries he visited (Cuba, Nicaragua, Argentina, and Brazil ) were looking for diplomatic support. Russia, of course, is facing sizeable opposition from the West for its intervention in Ukraine. Thus, Russia is keen to deepen its ties with other parts of the world and in Latin America several countries have given their support to Russia, and many have long-standing links with Russia and before that the Soviet Union. Mon, 01 Sep 2014 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.e-ir.info/2014/09/01/putin-in-latin-america-a-new-era-of-cooperation/ http://www.voxeurop.eu/es/content/news-brief/4801711-las-trabas-de-berlin-ponen-en-peligro-el-acuerdo-de-libre-comercio The German Government might refuse the fully negotiated free trade agreement between the European Union and Canada (CETA) amidst �oefears, foreign firms might get too much power”, according to a report by Cerstin Gammelin, EU correspondent for the Südddeutsche Zeitung. Thu, 31 Jul 2014 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.voxeurop.eu/es/content/news-brief/4801711-las-trabas-de-berlin-ponen-en-peligro-el-acuerdo-de-libre-comercio http://www.euractiv.com/sections/trade-industry/us-ambassador-eu-anthony-l-gardner-beyond-growth-ttip-must-happen?__utma=1.633617839.1403786355.1403786355.1405605019.2&__utmb=1.4.10.1405605019&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1403786355.1.1.utmcsr=(direct)|utmccn=(dir The United States and Europe must work constructively to finalise the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership not only to boost jobs and growth. "There are critical geostrategic reasons to get this deal done, and every day I am reminded of the global context of why we are negotiating TTIP," said US Ambassador to the EU, Anthony Gardner in an exclusive interview with EurActiv. Wed, 16 Jul 2014 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.euractiv.com/sections/trade-industry/us-ambassador-eu-anthony-l-gardner-beyond-growth-ttip-must-happen?__utma=1.633617839.1403786355.1403786355.1405605019.2&__utmb=1.4.10.1405605019&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1403786355.1.1.utmcsr=(direct)|utmccn=(dir http://alainet.org/active/75151 For many years now corporate power has been a cornerstone of the Democracy Center’s research and advocacy projects. From our work with activists and advocates in Bolivia and around the world, we’ve seen time and again the ways in which these powerful, profit-driven institutions can impact our natural environment, our cultures and our democracies. The report holds some invaluable lessons for other countries regarding the challenges involved in unraveling the web of trade and investment agreements and the rights they grant to corporations. Fri, 04 Jul 2014 00:00:00 +0000 http://alainet.org/active/75151 http://alainet.org/active/74523 This secrecy is surprising, since it was responsible for the failure of other international treaties when the negotiations were eventually (and inevitably) revealed: The �oeDracula effect” helped to kill the Multilateral Agreement on Investment in 1998 and led to the European Parliament’s rejection of the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement in 2012. Thu, 12 Jun 2014 00:00:00 +0000 http://alainet.org/active/74523 http://alainet.org/active/74522 Free trade agreements, such as those backed by the World Trade Organisation, aim to reduce not only customs barriers, but also �oenon-tariff” barriers: quotas, red tape and health, technical and social regulations. The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership is a free trade agreement between the United States and the European Union that has been under negotiation since July 2013. It aims to create the world’s biggest market, with more than 800 million consumers. Wed, 11 Jun 2014 00:00:00 +0000 http://alainet.org/active/74522 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=36891&lan=EN The G7 summit, hosted by the European Union, has now come to an end. Both of the G7 Leaders Communiqués are available online: the Communiqué of 5 June 2014 is available here, and the G7 Leaders Communiqué on Foreign Policy of 4 June 2014 is available here. At the closing press conference, President Barroso made the following remarks on the results of the G7 summit: "Some time ago we were not expecting to be meeting here in Brussels for this G7, but it was well worth it. It was a very successful summit with very good conversations and with a very remarkable level of convergence. On a range of geo-strategic issues we have a unity and common determination to lead the global response." Fri, 06 Jun 2014 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=36891&lan=EN http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=36423&lan=EN A Free Trade Agreement (FTA), under the conditions posed by the European Union (EU) for other countries (such as Colombia and Peru), is totally in contradiction with the goal of independent economic development that governments of Mercosur (the Common Market of the South) have repeatedly put forward, having rejected the proposal of a similar agreement, the ALCA, with the United States in 2005. Mon, 13 Jan 2014 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=36423&lan=EN http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=36386&lan=EN The great significance of the negotiations now underway towards the signing of an economic and commercial liberalization agreement between MERCOSUR and the European Union demand that these be widely known and subject to public debate. The levels of confidentiality demanded by European negotiators should be completely eliminated immediately, even though it is defended as "understandable" by the same spokespersons of the local establishment who publicly (or cynically?) criticize the "lack of transparency" or call for "greater democratic control of public management." There is real danger in accepting a closed-book negotiation as a fait accompli that would only later be exposed to public and parliamentary consideration. Wed, 08 Jan 2014 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=36386&lan=EN http://www.dw.de/is-europe-sacrificing-its-consumer-standards/a-17316876 The third round of negotiations for the transatlantic trade treaty (TTIP) is over. The American and European negotiators are happy, but critics are alarmed. Tue, 24 Dec 2013 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.dw.de/is-europe-sacrificing-its-consumer-standards/a-17316876 http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-13-1099_fr.htm On 21st November 2013, José Manuel Barroso, President of the European Commission, and Herman Van Rompuy, President of the European Council, will meet Chinese Prime Minister Li Keqiang in Beijing for the 16th EU-China Summit. They will also meet President Xi Jinping the evening before. Commission Vice-President Siim Kallas (Transport) and Commissioners Karel De Gucht (Trade), Johannes Hahn (Regional Policy) and Günther Oettinger (Energy) will also participate in the summit. Tue, 19 Nov 2013 00:00:00 +0000 http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-13-1099_fr.htm http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-13-1091_en.htm The EU and US today concluded the second round of week-long negotiations for the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership. A good atmosphere and the active involvement of regulators from both sides meant significant progress was made. Fri, 15 Nov 2013 00:00:00 +0000 http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-13-1091_en.htm http://en.mercopress.com/2013/11/05/mercosur-meets-in-caracas-to-consolidate-joint-and-only-presentation-before-eu Mercosur members will be holding an extraordinary meeting in Caracas on 15 November to define an 'only joint position of the group ahead of the presentation to the European Union, in the framework of negotiations for the trade and cooperation accord, said Venezuelan foreign minister Elías Jaua. Tue, 05 Nov 2013 00:00:00 +0000 http://en.mercopress.com/2013/11/05/mercosur-meets-in-caracas-to-consolidate-joint-and-only-presentation-before-eu http://www.globalresearch.ca/the-us-eu-transatlantic-free-trade-agreement-tafta-big-business-corporate-power-grab/5352885 The Transatlantic Free Trade Agreement (TAFTA) between the US and EU intends to create the world’s largest free trade area, ‘protect’ investment and remove ‘unnecessary regulatory barriers’. Corporate interests are driving the agenda, with the public having been sidelined. Unaccountable, pro-free-trade bureaucrats from both sides of the Atlantic are facilitating the strategy. Fri, 04 Oct 2013 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.globalresearch.ca/the-us-eu-transatlantic-free-trade-agreement-tafta-big-business-corporate-power-grab/5352885 http://www.presseurop.eu/fr/content/article/4014501-libre-echange-contre-marche-unique The European Union and the United States are currently the largest trade and investment partners in the world, accounting for almost half of the global gross domestic product and almost a third of the volume of all world trade. If they do manage to work out an ambitious free trade agreement), commercial activities in all the EU’s member countries that deal with the US will see a sharp increase in business. Some traditional business ties within the EU, will, however, be almost sure to weaken. As a result, some states will become economically less dependent on the EU’s internal market, which will be one of the greatest achievements and most important benefits of European integration. Tue, 30 Jul 2013 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.presseurop.eu/fr/content/article/4014501-libre-echange-contre-marche-unique http://www.presseurop.eu/es/content/article/3879711-la-cultura-europea-corre-peligro The "exception culturelle" is crucial to securing the future of European movies, warn filmmakers on the eve of talks on EU-US free trade. Without subsidies and and exemption from the deal, European cinema will cease to exist, warn filmmakers. Unveiled at the beginning of the year, the EU-US negotiations on the establishment of a free trade zone have met with an enthusiastic response from some, but also with concerns from others. According to Martin Schulz, president of the European Parliament, the planned agreement will "help to create high-quality jobs and boost economic growth on both sides of the Atlantic without costing taxpayers any money. It will establish the world's largest free trade zone and reinvigorate transatlantic relations." Most EU economics ministers favour of the deal, which makes its signing highly likely. But if it is signed, culture may prove its first and greatest casualty. Fri, 14 Jun 2013 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.presseurop.eu/es/content/article/3879711-la-cultura-europea-corre-peligro http://www.presseurop.eu/fr/content/article/3405121-plaidoyer-contre-un-otan-de-l-economie Wed, 13 Feb 2013 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.presseurop.eu/fr/content/article/3405121-plaidoyer-contre-un-otan-de-l-economie http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/press/index.cfm?id=869 Wed, 13 Feb 2013 00:00:00 +0000 http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/press/index.cfm?id=869 http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/press/index.cfm?id=804 Wed, 06 Jun 2012 00:00:00 +0000 http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/press/index.cfm?id=804 http://curiouscapitalist.blogs.time.com/2010/09/28/are-old-wounds-asia%E2%80%99s-fatal-flaw/ Tue, 28 Sep 2010 00:00:00 +0000 http://curiouscapitalist.blogs.time.com/2010/09/28/are-old-wounds-asia%E2%80%99s-fatal-flaw/ http://www.swissinfo.ch/fre/politique_suisse/Avec_la_Suisse,_l_Europe_serait_surrepresentee_au_G20.html?cid=28276370 Tue, 07 Sep 2010 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.swissinfo.ch/fre/politique_suisse/Avec_la_Suisse,_l_Europe_serait_surrepresentee_au_G20.html?cid=28276370 http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/02/business/global/02africa.html?_r=1&ref=world Fri, 02 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/02/business/global/02africa.html?_r=1&ref=world http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=33416&lan=EN Mon, 14 Jun 2010 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=33416&lan=EN http://www.wsws.org/articles/2010/jan2010/asea-j12.shtml Tue, 12 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.wsws.org/articles/2010/jan2010/asea-j12.shtml http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/11/9/apworld/20091109112806&sec=apworld Mon, 09 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0000 http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2009/11/9/apworld/20091109112806&sec=apworld http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90780/91421/6787315.html Mon, 19 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0000 http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90780/91421/6787315.html http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90780/91421/6724953.html Tue, 11 Aug 2009 00:00:00 +0000 http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90780/91421/6724953.html http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,637830,00.html Thu, 23 Jul 2009 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,637830,00.html http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=31033&lan=EN Wed, 14 Jan 2009 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=31033&lan=EN http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=30770&lan=EN Sun, 23 Nov 2008 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.mondialisations.org/php/public/art.php?id=30770&lan=EN http://www.bbc.co.uk/portugueseafrica/news/story/2008/10/081022_ftatradeaws.shtml Wed, 22 Oct 2008 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.bbc.co.uk/portugueseafrica/news/story/2008/10/081022_ftatradeaws.shtml http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=10640 Wed, 22 Oct 2008 00:00:00 +0000 http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=10640 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