Ref. :  000036198
Date :  2013-11-27
Language :  French
Home Page / The whole website
fr / es / de / po / en

L’OMS publie de nouvelles directives pour le traitement de la malnutrition aiguë sévère chez l’enfant

Author :  OMS / WHO


27 NOVEMBRE 2013 | GENÈVE - L’Organisation mondiale de la Santé (OMS) a publié aujourd’hui de nouvelles directives thérapeutiques pour soigner les presque 20 millions d’enfants de moins de cinq ans qui souffrent de malnutrition aiguë sévère dans le monde.

On parle de malnutrition aiguë sévère quand un enfant souffre d’émaciation sévère s’accompagnant ou non d’un œdème dû à la rétention d’eau. L’enfant et le nourrisson en sont atteints quand leur alimentation ne leur apporte pas assez d’énergie, de protéines et de micronutriments et qu’ils souffrent d’autres problèmes de santé comme des infections à répétition. Elle est diagnostiquée quand la circonférence du bras est inférieure à 115 mm ou quand le rapport poids/taille de l’enfant est fortement réduit.

Les enfants atteints de malnutrition aiguë sévère sont parmi les personnes les plus vulnérables au monde. Ils sont très maigres: leur organisme a utilisé la plus grande partie de la graisse et de la masse musculaire du corps pour rester en vie.

Recommendations principales

Dans ses directives actualisées, l’OMS recommande de donner aux enfants atteints de malnutrition aiguë sévère qui n’ont pas de complications nécessitant une hospitalisation des aliments énergétiques spéciaux et des antibiotiques pour traiter les infections. Ils peuvent ainsi se rétablir à domicile, au sein de leur famille. Les directives indiquent aussi le traitement à leur administrer en cas d’infection à VIH et comment traiter la malnutrition sévère chez les enfants de moins de six mois.

«­Ces directives sont cruciales car, souvent, les enfants atteints de malnutrition aiguë sévère ne sont pas pris en compte dans les plans de santé nationaux, ce qui peut leur être fatal. Si ces enfants ne reçoivent pas les soins médicaux et nutritionnels adéquats, très souvent, ils meurent» commente le Dr Francesco Branca, Directeur du Département de l’OMS Nutrition pour la santé et le développement.

Nouvelles technologies, nouvelles opportunités

Les nouvelles directives remplacent celles que l’OMS a publiées en 1999, dans lesquelles elle recommandait d’hospitaliser tous les enfants souffrant de malnutrition sévère, de leur donner une préparation lactée enrichie et un traitement adéquat, antibiotiques compris.

Les directives ont été actualisées pour tenir compte des nouvelles technologies qui permettent de prendre en charge à domicile les enfants souffrant de malnutrition aiguë sévère qui ont de l’appétit et ne présentent aucune complication manifeste en leur donnant des aliments spécialement composés qui sont source d’énergie et de nutriments parallèlement à des antibiotiques.

«C’est généralement mieux pour les enfants et pour leur famille si les enfants sont soignés en ambulatoire», explique le Dr Elizabeth Mason, Directeur du Département de l’OMS Santé de la mère, du nouveau-né, de l’enfant et de l’adolescent. «C’est souvent plus facile pour les familles qui doivent continuer à s’occuper d’autres enfants et cela permet aux enfants malnutris et vulnérables de rester chez eux sans être exposés au risque d’infection nosocomiale.»

L’administration d’antibiotiques par anticipation est importante, car le système immunitaire d’un enfant gravement malnutri est quasiment à l’arrêt. L’absence de réponse immunitaire signifie que l’organisme est incapable de lutter contre les infections et qu’en cas d’infection, les tests ne mettront pas forcément celle-ci en évidence. Il est attesté qu’un antibiotique à large spectre comme l’amoxicilline permet à l’organisme de l’enfant de résister aux infections courantes telles que la pneumonie et les infections urinaires, qui peuvent être mortelles pour ce groupe d’enfants.

Toutefois, la nouvelle recommandation concerne spécifiquement les enfants atteints de malnutrition aiguë sévère, et non ceux qui sont seulement dénutris. L’utilisation généralisée d’antibiotiques chez les enfants qui n’en ont pas besoin augmenterait le risque de résistance des agents infectieux à des antibiotiques salvateurs, et nuirait ainsi à la santé et à la survie de tous les enfants.

Enfants VIH-positifs et malnutrition aigüe sévère

Autre nouvel aspect des directives: le traitement des enfants atteints de malnutrition aiguë sévère qui sont contaminés par le VIH. Les directives de 1999 ne recommandaient pas le dépistage du VIH chez les enfants souffrant de malnutrition aiguë sévère. À l’époque, les médicaments antirétroviraux n’étaient guère disponibles et on n’avait peu d’expérience de leur usage chez l’enfant.

Les circonstances sont très différentes aujourd’hui. On sait désormais que les antirétroviraux augmentent beaucoup les chances de survie des enfants porteurs du VIH et ils deviennent plus accessibles. Dans les nouvelles directives, il est recommandé de soumettre systématiquement au dépistage du VIH les enfants atteints de malnutrition aiguë sévère dans les pays où le virus est répandu et de donner aux enfants VIH-positifs des antirétroviraux ainsi que des aliments spéciaux et des antibiotiques pour traiter la malnutrition sévère.

Nourrissons et malnutrition aigüe sévère


L’autre groupe dont les besoins sont pour la première fois pris en compte dans ces directives sont les nourrissons de moins de six mois souffrant de malnutrition aiguë sévère. Pour une nutrition optimale et pour la protection contre les infections, l’OMS recommande que tous les bébés de moins de six mois soient exclusivement nourris au sein.

Cette recommandation est particulièrement importante pour les bébés gravement malnutris. Les services de santé devraient apporter un soutien particulier aux mères de ces enfants pour qu’elles les nourrissent au sein et prévoir un traitement antibiotique.

S’il n’est pas envisageable que la mère allaite l’enfant gravement malnutri, la famille devra avoir recours au lait d’une autre femme (parente, voisine, nourrice ou banque de lait). Si cela s’avère impossible, il faudra fournir aux familles une préparation pour nourrisson et les conseiller pour qu’elles sachent la préparer et l’utiliser en toute sécurité.

Pour plus d’informations, veuillez contacter:
Fadéla Chaib
Chargée de communication/Porte-parole
OMS
Téléphone : +41 22 791 3228
Portable: +41 79 475 5556
Courriel: chaibf@who.int


Rate this content
 
 
 
Average of 239 ratings 
Rating 2.37 / 4 MoyenMoyenMoyenMoyen
Same author:
 flecheWHO expert panel paves way for strong international governance on human genome editing
 flecheSunbeds pose a risk for all people
 flecheProtecting the children from the environment
 fleche9 out of 10 people worldwide breathe polluted air, but more countries are taking action
 flecheThe cost of a polluted environment:
1.7 million child deaths a year

 flecheRespire la vie - une campagne sur les dangers de la pollution de l'air - infographies
 fleche2016 year in review: key health issues
 flecheWHO Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database (update 2016)
 flecheLife expectancy increased by 5 years since 2000, but health inequalities persist
 flecheGlobal report on diabetes
 flecheAn estimated 12.6 million deaths each year are attributable to unhealthy environments
 flecheCommission presents its final report, calling for high-level action to address major health challenge
 flecheTrends in maternal mortality: 1990 to 2015
Estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and the United Nations Population Division

 flecheViolence against women
 flecheHealth and human rights
 flecheTuberculosis mortality nearly halved since 1990
 flecheNew report identifies four ways to reduce health risks from climate pollutants
 flecheClimate change and health
 flecheVaccine hesitancy: A growing challenge for immunization programmes
 flecheWHO calls for increase in voluntary blood donors to save millions of lives
 flecheEbola diaries: Detecting disease on an unprecedented scale
 flecheGlobal vaccination targets ‘off-track’ warns WHO
 flecheWorld Health Day 2015: From farm to plate, make food safe
 flecheTobacco use declining but major intensification needed in reduction and control efforts
 flecheWHO calls on countries to reduce sugars intake among adults and children
 fleche1.1 billion people at risk of hearing loss
 flecheNew study highlights need to scale up violence prevention efforts globally
 flecheUN reveals major gaps in water and sanitation – especially in rural areas
 flecheWorld health statistics 2014
 flecheImproved data reveals higher global burden of tuberculosis
 flechePreventing suicide: A global imperative
 flecheWHO and partners respond to the outbreak of Ebola virus disease in Guinea
 flecheCommunicating the economics of social determinants of health and health inequalities
 flecheWorld Hepatitis Day: Think again
 flecheWHO targets elimination of TB in over 30 countries
 flecheAccelerating WHO emergency response to Ebola outbreak: Contact tracing
 flecheWHO/UNICEF highlight need to further reduce gaps in access to improved drinking water and sanitation
 flecheWHO’s first global report on antibiotic resistance reveals serious, worldwide threat to public health
 flecheWHO issues new guidance on how to provide contraceptive information and service
 flechePush for palliative care stokes debate
 flecheHINARI: Providing access to health literature
 flecheBuilding Back Better Sustainable mental health care after emergencies
 flechePrevention and control of NCDs: Guidelines for primary health care in low-resource settings
 flecheMental health action plan 2013 - 2020
 flecheWorld AIDS Day
 flecheTen chemicals of major public health concern
 flecheGains in tuberculosis control at risk due to 3 million missed patients and drug resistance
 flecheWHO calls for the phase out of mercury fever thermometers and blood pressure measuring devices by 2020
 flecheEarly childhood development and disability
 flecheWHO welcomes the updating of the European Union (EU) Tobacco Products Directive
 flecheFamily planning
 flecheMDG 1: eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
 flecheHealth research is essential for progress towards universal health coverage
 flecheHepatitis: “It’s closer than you think”
 flecheDementia cases set to triple by 2050 but still largely ignored
 flecheWHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2011: warning about the dangers of tobacco
 flecheWHO maps noncommunicable disease trends in all countries
 flecheNew WHO report: deaths from noncommunicable diseases on the rise, with developing world hit hardest
 flecheWorld Health Day 2011: Urgent action necessary to safeguard drug treatments
 flecheDiabetes: the sweet irony of modern technology
 flecheTurn off the tap of unsafe medicines
 flecheAction needed to reduce health impact of harmful alcohol use
 fleche2010 in review: key health issues - Photo feature
 flecheMalaria report shows rapid progress towards international targets
 flecheWHO urges all countries to strengthen health financing so more people can use services
 flecheHidden cities: new report shows how poverty and ill-health are linked in urban areas
 flecheWHO: control of neglected tropical diseases is feasible - Renewed engagement to scale-up integrated interventions announced
 flecheMore developing countries show universal access to HIV/AIDS services is possible
 flecheH1N1 in post-pandemic period
 flecheWHO launches global network of age-friendly cities
 flecheSixty-third World Health Assembly closes after passing multiple resolutions
 flecheGrowing threat from counterfeit medicines
 flecheWorld Health Day 2010 - Urbanization and health
 flecheAccess to safe drinking water improving; sanitation needs greater efforts
 flecheGlobal forum addresses solutions to prevent premature deaths
 fleche2009 in review: key health issues
 fleche10 facts on climate change and health
 flecheNew HIV infections reduced by 17% over the past eight years
 flecheToday women live longer, but not healthier lives
 flecheChildhood vaccines at all-time high, but access not yet equitable
 flecheMore than four million HIV-positive people now receiving life-saving treatment
 flecheLargest ever HIV vaccine trial results very encouraging
 flecheRoad accidents, suicide and maternal conditions are leading causes of death in young people
 flecheWorld now at the start of 2009 influenza pandemic

 flecheWorld Health Assembly opens amid concerns about flu pandemic
 flecheSwine influenza frequently asked questions - WHO
 flecheImpact of financial crisis on health: a truly global solution is needed
 flecheHIV-related TB deaths higher than past estimates
 flecheHealth impact of climate change needs attention
 flecheThe Financial Crisis and Global Health
 flecheHealth amid a financial crisis: a complex diagnosis
 fleche2008 in review: key public health issues - Photo essay
 flecheMessage from Dr Margaret Chan, WHO Director-General, for World AIDS Day

 flecheNew study presents state of the world's health
 flecheWorld Health Report calls for return to primary health care approach
 flecheProgress made in malaria control, yet burden is enormous
 flecheExecutive summary "Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of health"
 flecheInequities are killing people on a "grand scale" reports WHO's Commission
 flecheWHO launches new HIV/AIDS guide to help countries reach universal access
 flecheNew rapid tests for drug-resistant TB for developing countries
 fleche3 million now receiving life-saving HIV drugs
 flecheWorld Health Assembly sets bold new action for WHO
 flecheNoncommunicable diseases now biggest killers
 fleche10 facts on immunization
 flecheClimate change will erode foundations of health
 flecheInterview: espoirs et craintes dans la lutte contre le paludisme
 flecheGlobal costs of attaining the Millennium Development Goal for water supply and sanitation
 flecheMaternal mortality ratio falling too slowly to meet goal
 flecheJournée Internationale des Personnes Agées - 1er Octobre
 flecheWHO stresses need to ensure the safety of children's medicines
 flecheHealth workforce challenges place increasing demands on European health systems
 flecheNew guidelines to improve psychological and social assistance in emergencies
 flecheWHO urges more investments, services for mental health
 flecheThe world health report 2007
 flecheInternational spread of disease threatens public health security
 flecheChina and India join WHO clinical trial registry platform
 flecheCountries urged to be more vigilant about food safety
 flecheChan, Margaret
 flecheGovernments make progress in interpersonal violence prevention. National efforts leading to significant progress, reports WHO
 flecheWHO proposes global agenda on transplantation
 flecheSpeech by Dr Margaret Chan, Director-General of the World Health Organization at the High-level debate on international health security
 flecheWHO reports some promising results on avian influenza vaccines
 flecheWHO Executive Board to tackle key global health issues
 fleche2006: A year of challenges and achievements
 flecheNew vaccines against cervical cancer major opportunity for developing world
 flecheProgress made, but AIDS remains pressing public health challenge
 flecheMargaret Chan to be WHO's next Director-General
 flecheFuture of sexual and reproductive health at tipping point according to global study
 flecheUN Secretary-General’s study reveals full range and scale of violence against children
 flecheWHO challenges world to improve air quality
 flecheHealth consequences of excessive solar UV radiation
 flecheNew global alliance seeks to address worldwide shortage of doctors, nurses and other health workers
 flecheThe World Health Organization announces new standards for registration of all human medical research
 flecheThe world health report 2006 - Working together for health
 flecheWorld Health Organization report explains the health impacts of the world's worst-ever civil nuclear accident
 flecheWorld Health Report outlines need for more investment in health workforce to improve working conditions, revitalize training institutions and anticipate future challenges
 flecheReport: Public health, innovation and intellectual property rights
 flecheIntellectual property rights and innovation: high-level commission calls for action to ensure developing country access to existing and new medicines and vaccines
 flecheProgress on Global Access to HIV Antiretroviral Therapy
 flecheGlobal access to HIV therapy tripled in past two years, but significant challenges remain
 flecheCounterfeit medicines: the silent epidemic
 flecheAvian influenza confirmed in birds in Nigeria
 flecheInternational Pledging Conference on Avian and Human Pandemic Influenza
 flecheWas 2005 the year of natural disasters?
 flecheResults of survey: how healthy is your world?
 flecheIncreased HIV prevention and treatment efforts needed to slow and reverse AIDS epidemic, according to new UNAIDS/WHO report
 flecheMeeting on Avian Influenza and Human Pandemic Influenza. Closing remarks
 flecheGlobal meeting to develop common approach on avian influenza and human pandemic influenza
 flecheHealth workers, clean water, blankets and shelter still in short supply in Pakistan for earthquake survivors
 fleche1 October: International Day of Older Persons
 flecheImmunization maintains strong performance made in last quarter century
 flecheWHO expert to work with the UN system on avian and human influenza
 flecheThe World Health Organization warns of the rising threat of heart disease and stroke as overweight and obesity rapidly increase
 flecheWorld Health Organization urges responsible use of antimalarial medicines
 flecheChernobyl: the true scale of the accident
 flecheDonation of three million treatments of oseltamivir to WHO will help early response to an emerging influenza pandemic
 flecheHealth and the Millennium Development Goals
 flecheBuilding stronger health systems key to reaching the health Millennium Development Goals
 flecheNew Bangkok charter for health promotion adopted to address rapidly changing global health issues
 flecheWHO: "learning by doing" is key to achieving universal access to HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment
 flecheCountries with moderate to high risk of hepatitis B infection (2002)
 flecheGlobal prevalence of hepatitis C infection (2002)
 flecheAccess to HIV treatment continues to accelerate in developing countries, but bottlenecks persist, says WHO/UNAIDS report
 flecheAlmost 2 billion more people need access to basic sanitation by 2015 to meet millenium target
 flecheWHO and FAO to consult consumer associations from 25 countries on how to promote their involvement in food safety
 flecheWorld Health Assembly adopts new International Health Regulations
 flecheFifty-eighth World Health Assembly: 16–25 May 2005, Geneva, Switzerland
 flecheTB cases and deaths linked to HIV at alarming levels in Africa
 flecheAfrica is worst hit by dual epidemic
 flecheGlobal tobacco treaty enters into force with 57 countries already committed
 flecheWHO warns up to five million people without access to basic services in Southeast Asia
 flecheLee, Jong-wook
 flecheNumber of women living with HIV increases in each region of the world

 flecheLandmark report could influence the future of medicines in Europe and the world
 flecheNew WHO report calls for a new and innovative approach to health systems research
 flecheFood safety : Five simple measures could significantly reduce the global incidence of foodborne disease
 flecheSuicide huge but preventable public health problem, says WHO
 flecheA globally effective HIV vaccine requires greater participation of women and adolescents in clinical trials
 flecheWHO publishes new guidelines on preventing mother to child transmission of HIV
 flecheStrong foundations built to increase access to AIDS treatment
 flecheCodex urged to speed up work and increase participation by developing countries
 flechePolio experts warn of largest epidemic in recent years, as polio hits Darfur
 flecheThe environment: where's the risk, and where are children safe?
 flecheStudy on environmental burden of disease in children: Key findings
 flecheUnprecedented opportunity to fight HIV/AIDS and change the course of history
 flecheMore than 600 million people urgently need effective malaria treatment to prevent unacceptably high death rates
 flecheWorld Health Day 2004 offers an historic opportunity to increase investment in road safety
 flecheWorld Health Day: Road safety is no accident!
 flecheWHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control now signed by 100 countries
 flecheWorld Health Organization to host influenza pandemic preparedness meeting
 flecheWorld Health Organization and scientific journal editors vow to help galvanize mental health research in developing countries
 flecheAIDS threat growing throughout Europe
 flecheUnprecedented spread of avian influenza requires broad collaboration
 flecheMany countries not on target to reach health-related Millennium Development Goals
 flecheUrgent work needed to rebuild health care systems
 flecheNew book demonstrates how climate change impacts on health
 flecheWHO and UNAIDS unveil plan to get 3 million AIDS patients on treatment by 2005
 flecheMass immunization campaign launched to protect 15 million children from polio, as outbreak in Nigeria spreads across West Africa
 flecheWorld Health Organization says failure to deliver AIDS medicines is a global health emergency
 flecheHealth crisis in Liberia - the long road to recovery
 fleche
Coronavirus never before seen in humans is the cause of SARS

 flecheWHO/FAO release independent Expert Report on diet and chronic disease
 flecheAgreement reached on global Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
 flechel’OMS et la FIA unissent leurs efforts pour améliorer la sécurité routière
 flecheWHO launches annual Move for Health day as global initiative to promote benefits of physical activity
 flecheCountries meet to finalize landmark agreement on International Tobacco Control
 flecheOutbreaks in Africa underscore the urgency for increased global influenza surveillance and pandemic planning
 flecheEight questions consumers should ask on the threat of mad cow disease
 flecheForty new countries given low cost access to health journals
 flecheSymposium aims to expand 5 a day initiative to boost fruit and vegetable consumption
 flecheWater for health enshrined as a human right
 flecheImpact of AIDS worsens African famine
 flecheIntensification de l'action dans les pays: Rencontre des hauts responsables de la santé et des finances avec les partenaires pour améliorer la santé des pauvres
 flecheIntensification de l'action dans les pays: Rencontre des hauts responsables de la santé et des finances avec les partenaires pour améliorer la santé des pauvres
13
SEARCH
Keywords   go
in 
Translate this page Traduire par Google Translate
Share

Share on Facebook
FACEBOOK
Partager sur Twitter
TWITTER
Share on Google+Google + Share on LinkedInLinkedIn
Partager sur MessengerMessenger Partager sur BloggerBlogger
Other items
where is published this article: