Ref. :  000027819
Date :  2007-10-12
Language :  French
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La mortalité maternelle diminue dans les pays à revenu intermédiaire mais les progrès restent trop lents dans les pays à faible revenu

Author :  OMS / WHO

Le taux de mortalité maternelle qui exprime le nombre de décès pour 100 000 naissances vivantes diminue trop lentement pour permettre d’atteindre le cinquième objectif du Millénaire pour le développement (OMD), à savoir réduire des trois quarts d'ici 2015 le nombre des femmes qui meurent pendant une grossesse ou lors d'un accouchement.


Alors qu'il faut réduire annuellement de 5,5% le taux de mortalité entre 1990 et 2015 pour atteindre l’objectif fixé, les chiffres publiés aujourd’hui par l’OMS, l’UNICEF, le FNUAP et la Banque mondiale font apparaître une diminution annuelle inférieure à 1%. En 2005, on a dénombré 536 000 décès maternels contre 576 000 en 1990, 99% de ces décès étant enregistrés dans des pays en développement.

Le taux de mortalité maternelle en 2005 était le plus élevé dans les pays en développement, atteignant 450 décès pour 100 000 naissances vivantes, contre respectivement 9 et 51 pour 100 000 dans les pays développés et les pays de la Communauté des Etats indépendants. Par ailleurs, la diminution du taux mondial est principalement due à celle constatée dans les pays présentant déjà des taux relativement faibles. En revanche, il n'y a eu pratiquement aucun changement depuis 15 ans dans les pays qui, au départ, présentaient les taux les plus élevés.

Les nouvelles estimations de la mortalité maternelle montrent que, si la situation s'améliore dans les pays à revenu moyen, la baisse annuelle entre 1990 et 2005 en Afrique subsaharienne n’a été que de 0,1%. Aucune région n’a atteint la diminution annuelle de 5,5% nécessaire au cours de cette période bien que l’Asie orientale s'en soit rapprochée avec un taux annuel de 4,2%. L’Afrique du Nord, l’Asie du Sud-Est ainsi que l’Amérique latine et les Caraïbes ont aussi réduit leur mortalité maternelle plus rapidement que l’Afrique subsaharienne.

Un peu plus de la moitié des décès maternels (270 000) ont été enregistrés dans l’Afrique subsaharienne et 188 000 en Asie du Sud. Ensemble, ces deux régions regroupent 86% des décès maternels survenus en 2005.

Onze pays totalisent près de 65% des décès maternels en 2005, l’Inde venant en tête (117 000), suivie par le Nigéria (59 000), la République démocratique du Congo (32 000) et l’Afghanistan (26 000).

La probabilité pour une jeune fille de 15 ans de décéder d’une complication liée à une grossesse ou un accouchement au cours de sa vie est la plus forte en Afrique où elle atteint 1 pour 26. A titre de comparaison, elle n’est que de 1 pour 7300 dans les pays développés. Parmi les 171 pays et territoires pour lesquels on disposait d’estimations, c’est le Niger qui présentait le risque estimé le plus élevé : 1 pour 7.

Le taux de mortalité maternelle indique le risque de décès auquel une femme est confrontée à chaque grossesse. Dans les régions à forte fécondité, comme l’Afrique subsaharienne, la femme est confrontée à ce risque de nombreuses fois au cours de sa vie.

Pour atteindre l’OMD 5 et réduire le taux de mortalité maternelle des trois quarts d’ici 2015, il faut donner la priorité à l’amélioration des soins de santé destinés aux femmes et assurer l’accès universel aux services de santé génésique. Cela suppose notamment un accès à la planification familiale, la prévention des grossesses non désirées et la fourniture de soins de haute qualité pendant la grossesse et lors de l’accouchement - notamment des soins obstétricaux d’urgence.

Mais pour que les services de santé puissent avoir un effet, encore faut-il que les femmes soient en mesure de faire appel à eux. En cas d’urgence obstétricale pendant une grossesse et lors de l’accouchement, il est important de savoir reconnaître les signes dangereux et de demander des soins aussi rapidement que possible. Il faut pourvoir disposer de moyens de transport et atteindre à temps des installations bien équipées dotées du personnel approprié. Des progrès en matière d'éducation des femmes, de parité entre les sexes et de renforcement du pouvoir de demander des soins sont des éléments essentiels des stratégies visant à réduire la mortalité maternelle.

Lien connexe: Monitoring and evaluation - en anglais


Pour plus d'informations, veuillez contacter:

OMS: Mr Christopher Powell (Conseiller en communication, Santé familiale et communautaire, OMS, Genève)
Tél:. +41 22 791 2228, Portable: +41 79 217 3425, Courriel: powellc@who.int

FNUAP:
Mr Omar Gharzeddine, Tél.: +1 917 815 7823, Courriel: gharzeddine@unfpa.org
Mme Katja Iversen, Tél.: +1 917 403 3063, Courriel: iversen@unfpa.org

UNICEF: Mme Angela Hawke, UNICEF New York, Portable: 1 917 605 1699, Courriel: ahawake@unicef.org

Banque mondiale:
Mr Phil Hay, Tél.: + 1 202 473 1796, Courriel: phay@worldbank.org
Mr Ed Bos, nutrition et population, Tél.: +1 202 473 3431, Courriel: ebos@worldbank.org


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