Ref. :  000014913
Date :  2004-10-22
Language :  Spanish
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En un nuevo libro la OIT explora déficit de trabajo decente en las jornadas laborales de países industrializados

Author :  OIT / ILO


Al menos 20 por ciento de la fuerza laboral de Estados Unidos, Australia, Nueva Zelanda y Japón trabaja 50 horas o más a la semana, mientras que en la mayoría de los países de Europa no llega a 10 por ciento, de acuerdo con un nuevo estudio de la Oficina Internacional del Trabajo (OIT).

El libro "Working Time and Workers' Preferences in Industrialized Countries: Finding the Balance"(Horario de trabajo y preferencias de los trabajadores en los países industrializados: en busca del equilibrio) (Nota 1), publicado por Routledge y producido por el Programa sobre Condiciones de Trabajo y Empleo de la OIT argumenta que hay una diferencia importante entre las horas que las personas trabajan y las horas que necesitan o preferirían trabajar.

"Hay grupos de trabajadores con jornadas 'excesivamente' largas, y al mismo tiempo hay otro grupo importante cuyas jornadas son más cortas de lo que les gustaría", comentó el experto de la OIT y editor del libro Jon Messenger. La publicación incluye estudios de cinco especialistas sobre temas relacionados con la jornada laboral en Australia, la Unión Europea, Japón, Nueva Zelanda y Estados Unidos.

A fines de los años 90 la cantidad de personas que trabajan más de 50 horas a la semana aumentó de 15 a 20 por ciento de la fuerza laboral en Estados Unidos y Australia. Entre los países considerados en el estudio sólo Japón (28,1 por ciento) y Nueva Zelanda (21,3 por ciento) registran niveles más elevados.

Por el contrario, en la mayoría de los países de la Unión Europea, antes de la expansión de 2004, el número de personas con 50 horas o más de trabajo a la semana se mantenía por debajo de 10 por ciento, entre 1,4 por ciento para los Países Bajos y 6,2 por ciento para Grecia e Irlanda. La única excepción es el Reino Unido, donde la proporción aumenta a 15,5 por ciento.

De acuerdo con el análisis del libro una de las conclusiones tras revisar estos indicadores es que los países donde hay una regulación relativamente menor sobre horarios de trabajo, como en Estados Unidos, Reino Unido o Australia, se registra con mayor frecuencia el caso de personas trabajando excesivamente.

Por otro lado, los trabajadores pueden experimentar también un déficit en su jornada laboral a medida que se extiende la práctica del trabajo a tiempo parcial, incluyendo el de tipo marginal en malas condiciones laborales y sin protección social, y el involuntario que se produce cuando un trabajador busca un empleo a tiempo completo pero no lo puede encontrar.

Según los datos utilizados en este libro la mitad de los trabajadores en Estados Unidos preferiría jornadas menos largas, mientras que 17 por ciento preferiría tener más horas. En la Unión Europea, 46 por ciento de aquellos que trabajan menos de 20 horas preferirían tener jornadas más largas, y 81 por ciento de los que trabajan más de 50 horas las reducirían si pudieran.

La publicación concluye que el equilibrio entre las exigencias de las empresas y las necesidades de los trabajadores requerirá la aplicación de políticas sobre la jornada laboral que tengan en consideración cinco elementos: la promoción de la salud y seguridad, el apoyo a los trabajadores en el cumplimiento de obligaciones familiares, la promoción de la igualdad de género, el desarrollo de la productividad y la participación del trabajador en decisiones que influyen sobre su jornada laboral.

Además de este nuevo libro, la OIT ha desarrollado una base de datos que estará disponible desde noviembre sobre horas de trabajo con el fin de entregar información sobre instrumentos legales existentes en 100 países.

Contacto para periodistas: Si desea mayor información sobre este tema por favor contacte a Jon Messenger (en inglés) en el Programa sobre Condiciones de Trabajo y Empleo, tlf +4122/799-7450, o al Departamento de Comunicación, tlf +4122/799-7911, 7916.


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Nota 1 - "Working Time and Workers' Preferences in Industrialized Countries: Finding the Balance". © 2004 Organización Internacional del Trabajo. Publicado en inglés por Routledge. ISBN 0-415-70108-2.


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