Ref. :  000012397
Date :  2004-04-22
Language :  Spanish
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Más de 600 millones de personas necesitan urgentemente tratamiento eficaz contra el paludismo para reducir unas tasas de mortalidad que siguen siendo inadmisiblemente altas

Author :  OMS / WHO


25 DE ABRIL DE 2004 | GINEBRA -- Más de 600 millones de personas, en su mayor parte niños que viven en el África subsahariana, tienen que afrontar a diario la amenaza de morir por paludismo porque los nuevos y eficaces tratamientos existentes no están a su alcance. Los medicamentos convencionales, más baratos y que se utilizan desde hace muchos años, ya no son eficaces en la mayor parte de los lugares, porque el parásito del paludismo se ha hecho resistente a ellos.

«Al menos un millón de niños mueren cada año en África por causa del paludismo. Varios millones más enferman gravemente. En muchos lugares se les siguen dando medicamentos cuya eficacia, ya muy baja, sigue disminuyendo», ha declarado el Dr. LEE Jong-wook, Director General de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). «Se dispone de un tratamiento mejor, y hay que proporcionarlo urgentemente a las personas que más lo necesitan.»

Los tratamientos de combinación a base de artemisinina (ACT) ofrecen por primera vez en 20 años una nueva posibilidad de tratar el paludismo con eficacia. Sin embargo, a pesar de haberse registrado algunos progresos, el nuevo tratamiento no se ha difundido tan ampliamente, o tan rápidamente, como es necesario.

Desde abril de 2001, la OMS recomienda firmemente a los países donde existe resistencia a los tratamientos convencionales que utilicen los ATC. Sin embargo, con un costo aproximado de US$ 2 por dosis de adulto, los ATC son entre 10 y 20 veces más caros que las antiguas monoterapias tales como la cloroquina. La mayoría de los países de África precisarán financiación externa.

En 2002, el Fondo Mundial de Lucha contra el SIDA, la Tuberculosis y la Malaria empezó a poner a disposición de los países necesitados importantes cantidades de recursos financieros. Desde entonces, seis países de África han comenzado a utilizar los ACT: Burundi, Mozambique, Senegal, Sudáfrica, Zambia, y Zanzíbar.

Durante los últimos 12 meses, otros nueve países africanos han introducido los ACT en sus políticas de tratamiento antipalúdico: Benin, Camerún, Comoras, Gabón, Ghana, Guinea Ecuatorial, Kenya, la República Unida de Tanzanía y Santo Tomé y Príncipe. Otros probablemente los introduzcan este mismo año. En los demás continentes, 14 países con paludismo endémico han adoptado los ACT.

A lo largo de todo este proceso, la OMS ha prestado asesoramiento técnico y apoyo a los ministerios de salud en todos los aspectos relativos al cambio de la política nacional de tratamiento, en particular la vigilancia de la eficacia terapéutica de los medicamentos, así como a la aplicación.

«Seguiremos abogando firmemente por que se amplíe rápidamente la administración de los ACT», ha declarado el Dr. Jack Chow, Subdirector General de la OMS para VIH/SIDA, Tuberculosis y Paludismo. «Algunos países siguen siendo reticentes a adoptar políticas terapéuticas con ACT porque son mucho más caros que los tratamientos convencionales y no están seguros de la sostenibilidad del apoyo de los donantes. No obstante, durante los últimos 12 meses hemos presenciado progresos destacables en cuanto a la velocidad y el número de países que están cambiando de política.»

La OMS estima que la demanda mundial de ACT, cifrada actualmente en unos 20 millones al año, se disparará a 130-220 millones de tratamientos de adultos en 2005. En los próximos años, al precio actual se necesitarán alrededor de US$ 1000 millones al año para proporcionar ACT al 60% de la población que lo necesita. Gran parte de esos fondos tendrán que proceder de países donantes e instituciones de financiación tales como el Fondo Mundial.

Junto con los asociados de Hacer Retroceder el Paludismo, la OMS trabaja para reducir los precios y hacer que disminuya el costo de poner ACT de calidad a disposición de los pobres. «La cooperación publicoprivada puede ser decisiva, pero hemos aprendido que puede ser un error esperar a que bajen los precios», ha declarado la Dra. Fatoumata Nafo-Traoré, Directora del Departamento de la OMS Hacer Retroceder el Paludismo. «El aumento de la demanda es el factor principal que impulsará el descenso de los precios.»

El llamamiento renovado de la OMS para que se pase más rápidamente a los ACT se produce en el momento en que el mundo celebra el Día Africano del Paludismo, cuyo tema es este año «niños unidos para hacer retroceder el paludismo». Los niños menores de cinco años son las principales víctimas del paludismo. Tienen derecho a recibir protección, pero en realidad carecen de acceso a tratamientos que les salvarían la vida, porque sus padres son pobres.

El aumento del acceso a medicamentos eficaces, unido a un mejor uso de la tecnología para prevenir la transmisión del paludismo, permitiría que se realizaran grandes progresos en el logro de las metas para hacer retroceder el paludismo fijadas por los dirigentes africanos en 2000 (1). En el área de la prevención, la OMS observa asimismo un importante progreso tecnológico desde 1998, y ello pese a la falta de financiación. Según el Africa Malaria Report 2003, un 15% de los niños africanos duermen protegidos por mosquiteros y un 2% por mosquiteros tratados con insecticida, que han demostrado ser muy eficaces. Esas tasas son aún muy insatisfactorias, pero el uso de mosquiteros en toda África refleja un profundo, aunque sólo sea incipiente, cambio de comportamiento y de actitud, pues hasta finales de los años 1990 la mayoría de las poblaciones rurales de África desconocían esa práctica.

«Se trata de una importante mejora», ha declarado la Dra. Nafo-Traoré. «Sin embargo, aún estamos lejos de lograr nuestras metas de reducción, porque la lucha antipalúdica ha sufrido una enorme carencia de recursos financieros.» La situación ha mejorado considerablemente desde que se estableció el Fondo Mundial, pero no lo suficiente. Mientras la mayoría de la población no pueda costearse los mosquiteros y el tratamiento, seguirá siendo necesaria una importante contribución de recursos públicos.»

1. Hace cuatro años, 44 Jefes de Estado y de gobierno de 50 países africanos afectados por el paludismo se reunieron en Abuja (Nigeria) y fijaron una serie de ambiciosas medidas para reducir la carga de paludismo para el final de 2005. Se comprometieron a colaborar para que el 60% de los enfermos de paludismo tuvieran mejor acceso a un tratamiento apropiado y costeable. En el área de la prevención, acordaron que por lo menos el 60% de las personas en riesgo deberían poder protegerse con mosquiteros impregnados de insecticida y otras medidas de prevención de base comunitaria, y que al menos el 60% de las embarazadas tuvieran acceso a un tratamiento preventivo intermitente.


ENLACES CONEXOS

- Paludismo




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